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Adrienne Kennedy (born September 13, 1931) is an American playwright.Peterson, Jane T., and Suzanne Bennett. "Adrienne Kennedy". Women Playwrights of Diversity. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. 201–205. She is best known for Funnyhouse of a Negro, which premiered in 1964 and won an Obie Award.Harry Ransom Center. "Biographical sketch". Adrienne Kennedy: An Inventory of Her Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center. University of Texas at Austin. She won a lifetime Obie as well. In 2018 she was inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame.
In 2022, Kennedy received the Gold Medal for Drama from the American Academy of Arts and Letters; given every six years, it has been awarded to only 16 people, including Eugene O'Neill.
Kennedy has been contributing to American theater since the early 1960s, influencing generations of playwrights with her haunting, fragmentary lyrical dramas. Exploring the violence racism brings to people's lives, Kennedy's plays express poetic alienation, transcending the particulars of character and plot through ritualistic repetition and radical structural experimentation. Much of her work explores issues of race, kinship, and violence in American society, and many of her plays are "autobiographically inspired."Sollors, Werner. "Introduction", The Adrienne Kennedy Reader, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001, p. vii. ( "An introduction to the playwright's work", A.R.T.)
Kennedy is noted for the use of surrealism in her plays, which are often plotless and symbolic, drawing on mythical, historical, and imaginary figures to depict and explore the African-American experience.Wilkerson, Margaret B. "Adrienne Kennedy", in Thadious M. Davis and Trudier Harris (eds), Afro-American Writers after 1955: Dramatists and Prose Writers. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 38. Detroit: Gale, 1985, p. 163.
In 1969, The New York Times critic Clive Barnes wrote: "While almost every black playwright in the country is fundamentally concerned with realism—LeRoi Jones and Ed Bullins at times have something different going but even their symbolism is straightforward stuff—Miss Kennedy is weaving some kind of dramatic fabric of poetry." In 1995, critic Michael Feingold of the Village Voice wrote that, "with Samuel Beckett gone, Adrienne Kennedy is probably the boldest artist now writing for the theater."Feingold, Michael. "Blaxpressionism." Village Voice, October 3, 1995, p. 93. Kennedy has also written in other genres, including poetry and essays.
She admired actors like Orson Welles and began to focus on theater during her teenage years. The Glass Menagerie was among the first plays she saw produced, inspiring her to explore her passion for playwriting. Her interest in playwriting continued when she started at Ohio State in 1949. She graduated from Ohio State in 1953 with a bachelor's degree in education and continued her studies at Columbia University in 1954–56. She married Joseph Kennedy on May 15, 1953, a month after graduating from Ohio State,French, Ellen Dennis, "Kennedy, Adrienne 1931—", encyclopedia.com. and the couple had two children, Joseph Jr. and Adam P. Kennedy. They divorced in 1966.
Her first play to be produced was Funnyhouse of a Negro, a one-act play she wrote in 1960, the year she visited Ghana for a few months with her husband on his grant from the African Research Foundation.Hilton Als (February 12 & 19, 2018), "Adrienne Kennedy’s Startling Body of Work", The New Yorker. The play draws on Kennedy's African and European heritage as she explores a "black woman's psyche, riven by personal and inherited psychosis, at the root of which is the ambiguously double failure of both rapacious white society and its burdened yet also distorted victims."Gates, Henry Louis Jr., et al. "Adrienne Kennedy", in Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Valerie A. Smith (eds), Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 3rd edition. Vol. 2, New York: Norton, 2014, pp. 617–19.
A Rat's Mass was produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in Manhattan's East Village twice in 1969La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: A Rat's Mass (1969a)". Accessed June 11, 2018.La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: A Rat's Mass (1969b)". Accessed June 11, 2018. and once in 1971.La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: A Rat's Mass (1971)". Accessed June 11, 2018. In 1976, La MaMa's Annex performed the show with music by Cecil Taylor.La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: A Rat's Mass (1976)". Sun: A Poem for Malcolm X Inspired By His DeathLa MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Sun: A Poem for Malcolm X Inspired By His Death (1974)". Accessed June 11, 2018. and A Beast StoryLa MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Beast Story, A (1974)". Accessed June 11, 2018. were both produced at La MaMa in 1974.
Kennedy was a founding member of the Women's Theatre Council in 1971, a member of the board of directors of PEN in 1976–77, and an International Theatre Institute representative in Budapest, Hungary, in 1978.
Kennedy has taught or lectured at Yale University (1972–74), Princeton University (1977), Brown University (1979–1980), University of California, Berkeley (1986), Harvard University (1991), Stanford University, New York University, and University of California, Davis.
Her memoir People Who Led to My Plays, first published in 1987, was reissued in 2016.
As of 2018, Kennedy has written thirteen published and five unpublished plays, several autobiographies, a novella, and a short story. Kennedy used the alias Adrienne Cornell for the short story "Because of the King of France", published in in 1963.Wetmore, Jr., Kevin J., "Adrienne Kennedy and Greek Tragedy", in Black Dionysus: Greek Tragedy and African American Theatre, McFarland & Company, 2003, p. 88. Much of Kennedy's work is based on her lived experience.
In 2022, Kennedy made her Broadway debut with the opening of her 1992 play Ohio State Murders at the James Earl Jones Theatre on December 8, starring Audra McDonald, and directed by Kenny Leon. with its last performance taking place on January 15, 2023. Speaking in an interview with Time Out magazine about what she hopes audiences will take away from seeing the play, Kennedy stated: "I want them to realize that they're listening to a very articulate, thoughtful American Black woman and, perhaps, they should pay attention to what she's saying." Despite its appraisal, its showtime was closed early due to its lack of commercial success and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which had affected the revival of commercial theater in New York since then. The production received positive reviews and McDonald received a Tony Awards nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play for her role.
Kennedy was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Writing in 1967, Rockefeller Foundation grants in 1967 and again in 1970, a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1972, the Creative Artists Public Service grant in 1974, the 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards, "Adrienne Kennedy: 2003 Lifetime Achievement", Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards. and the Pierre Lecomte du Noüy Award.Wilkerson, "Adrienne Kennedy", in Davis and Harris (eds), Afro-American Writers after 1955: Dramatists and Prose Writers. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol 38. 1985, p. 168." Ohio State honors six at spring 2003 commencement" Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, News and Information, June 5, 2003. Kennedy received the Third Annual Manhattan Borough President's Award for Excellence in the Arts in 1988.
In 1990, Kennedy received the American Book Award.
In 1994, Kennedy won the Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Writers' Award and an American Academy of Arts and Letters award in Literature.
In July 1995, Kennedy was named playwright in residence for the September 1995–May 1996 season with the Signature Theater Company in New York City.
In 2003, Kennedy was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Literature by her undergraduate alma mater, Ohio State University.
In 2006, Kennedy received the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award as a Master American Dramatist.
In November 2020, the Round House Theatre in Bethesda, Maryland, in association with the McCarter Theatre Center in Princeton, N.J., launched The Work of Adrienne Kennedy: Inspiration and Influence, a digital festival of filmed readings of her plays, which attracted much acclaim.
In 2021, the Dramatists Guild of America named Kennedy as recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award, presented "in recognition of distinguished lifetime achievement in theatrical writing". The Dramatists Guild's president, Amanda Green, said in a statement: "Adrienne Kennedy has used her immense storytelling skill with beautifully brutal imagery to share her theatrical dreamscapes with the world....From 1964's Funnyhouse of a Negro to 2018's He Brought Her Heart Back in a Box, Adrienne has inspired countless young writers by remaining true to herself and her voice, knowing that what she had to say would resonate."
In 2022, Kennedy was awarded the Gold Medal for Drama from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
In 2023, Kennedy was honored with a Special Citation from the New York Drama Critics Circle. Her Collected Plays & Other Writings were published in the prestigious Library of America series, on the day before her ninety-second birthday.
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> "Spawned From Deep Experience: Corresponding With Adrienne Kennedy, Juilliard Journal, February 2013
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